Okay, so I guess the experience is actually, for example, the jet lag. So if you fly from one time zone to another time zone, then sometimes you have the jet lag. Then the jet lag actually will cause some problem to you because, for example, you have a circadian rhythm. Maybe right now is a new time. Yeah, 1 or 2 o'clock. 2 o'çlock in the afternoon, but actually if you'll fly to the States, the Eastern side, then right now it is the midnight and then you have a problem. You will have a problem. Essentially, then you are not comfortable, because it is not your circadian noon time. Then there, you need to sleep. And, but actually, in most case, you only will have this problems for maybe about a few days, maybe less than one week. And then it's fine. You can get used to that local, the timing. And then how you can achieve this is by this circadian mechanism. Let's see, okay. This is the clock, okay? This one black one, of course, is even is the night. No, yeah, this is sleeping time, this is day time, okay? And then let's take a look at what happened. As we said those, Circadian gene, they oscillate, okay. The oscillation there, for example, when you stop. The light off, this timing. Then I attend a case. You actually don't have much of those proteins, okay. You have a lot of, MIA, of this clocked gene. And then, of course, this MRI, then we are synthesising a lot of proteins, okay? And then when you lighter off and then a lot of proteins, they should be also synthesized. And the protein at the beginning, they sit actually in the cyto cell. And again, as we said, the time and the period, actually it's the combined. They're back to each other and then they're very stable, okay. When you have a lot of accumulation, wonder what happened? Then do we enter to the nuclear. And then a lot going to the nuclear. Going to the nuclear, what would happen? It inhibit transcription and then you have very few the mra. Because mr you were degraded and then no since, no transcription happened. Of course then it would get less and less. And then, okay, this actually takes time to build on, and then almost actually at this time when the light will be turned on and at that time a lot of proteins actually get stuck into the nuclear to inhibit the transcription. Okay, when your light turns on, what will happen, you see, when your light turns on and there is a light sensor in the cell. A light sensor detects a light. Then the light sensor, right now people know it's called okay? The actually will activate it by the light and then by the sensors with the great proteins, okay? And then that means actually these proteins will get less and less, because your light shine on, and then no inhibition any more, and then you have more and more mra, right? And then you have mra appear through the and then accumulate here, and then you can synthesize. This is a cycle, okay, let's take a look. This is important here. If you get to a time zone, for example, at this time your circadian rhythm, actually here is actually in the night, right. But if there's still a light appearing, what will happen? And then, the light that appear here. And then the light will activate the light sensor [INAUDIBLE]. And it then will degrade this protein. Then you have less, this protein accumulation, right? And then what will happen? You would take a longer time actually to build this accumulation of the protein because right now the light degrades your protein. Then you take a longer time to synthesis and accumulate, right. So that means at this phase you have a light shine on. What would happen? You delayed your cycle. It's clear, right? Quite interesting, if you turn on the light, just actually before the lights should be on, their timing. You turn, maybe a few hours earlier, the light on, what happen? You will see. And then the light on, and then you degrade these proteins. And then you appear like in this stage. That means actually, there is a cycle actually, right? So this actually is for adjusting your time is by this kind of mechanism, actually you can control your circadian rhythm, okay? This process actually is quite fascinating. A lot of status, after the 1971 Simon Benson's study, and a lot of groups actually, wrote for this kind of molecular control of the circadian clock. And right now, essentially most of those circadian clock genes and the proteins people are studying. And right now, at this stage, we know so much details about this clock gene, but the problem is actually in the circadian field. As we said, this is just within one single cell. Okay, a single neuron, a clock neuron. But actually, it's a clock neuron to the circadian behavior. It's quite far away, okay? You need actually many, many different clock neurons to act together and actually to control some kind of neurocircuitry and then to control the physiology on the behavior. Right now this kind of information is and the people don't know much, okay. And the more people, right, get to these kinds of start, including us. Actually, we also try to understand the neurosector mechanism underlying this circadian rhythm. Okay, let's take a look. We actually use this model system, use to study the circadian rhythm. Actually is good for the genetic study, right? Because we mentioned that. And also, actually it's quite good for the functions study because it's the brain. It's small and those neurons actually individual neurons actually, you can easily to labor then. Which is GFP, then you'll exactly which is the clock neuron, okay, individual one. You can find it, then. You can make the function start it. Now, for us, we do the from those individual neurons in the brain, and also, you can do imaging. So far, people know, actually to clock neurons in the brain. Express those clock genes. How many? Only about 150 neurons. Okay, and then the 150 neurons actually distributed in the whole brain. It's a central cluster. One cluster maybe sometimes may be a few like eight or nine or sometimes maybe 30 or 40. But in total only about 150 neurons is considered to be the clock neuron because they express those clock genes. And then so this clock neuron, how they can form a newer circuitry to control the circadian rhythm, right. Although there were some kind of study, anatomy study, for example this kind of a neuron to make a connection with the other neuron. But the function, we don't know much. So right now actually we have studied the circuitry of connection between different groups of those clock neuron and to see how they can synchronize to control the circadian.
