[MUSIC] So we can start with the really simple question, all right. How are two languages coded in one brain? And if we look back to the neuro psychological literature, the question was which language is preserved after some form of insult? A stroke, stressor of some sort. So lets take the case of Arturo A, a young man, short, muscular, but well proportioned. Aside from Italian he spoke several languages, French and English. Which he learned relatively young. One day he was found having had paralysis on the right side of his body, what's called hemiplegia, and he had a speech disturbance. And he was never able again to speak French or English. And was stuck, or left with, Italian for the rest of his life. Now this case is from 1886. It's from the Italian Neuropsychological Literature. Right? But it illustrates a very interesting, paradox. Right? This person had these languages and then lost them. And what we're going to consider in this course, is how the bilingual brain is organized. And what these cases tell us about this. My name is Arturo Hernandez, and for the next few sessions, we'll consider the bilingual brain and it's neural basis.