[MUSIC] Let's look at concentrate and proteins in animal feeds. Now first of all we have to talk about what the components of a plant are. We start with a plant in the field, and typically that's composed of the stem, the leaf, and the grain and seed to head one it goes in the maturity. When we cut that plant in the immature state, we either make hay with it, which is produced prior to seed development. Or we make silage with it, where we harvest it and put it up, in terms of, part of the grain, part of the foliage, and the whole plant is harvested. And stored in an environment that where low pH preserves the product, much like we have sour crowed or human foods based on that. When the plant goes to maturity, we're left with a component we call straw, and then the seed head, which is composed of the grain, and the chaff, the fibrous component which surrounds the grain. Grains, just looking at a corn grain and a wheat grain, we see that they also have sub components. Here we see a kernel of corn where it has a starch inside the component. However, that kernel of corn is surrounded by a fibrous layer which we can call the pericarp. And also has inside the germ which is the embryo, which would be the future corn plant, and then also has kernels of starch that are surrounded with protein, or the gluten. And typically for human foods we would take that kernel of corn, we would grind it, separate the starch out, and then we're left with components of the brand, the surrounding outer shell of the corn with the gluten meal. And we have called that gluten feed. Or we can separate the germ meal and create a high protein feed. Similar to corn, a kernel of wheat also has this surrounding hard fibrous layer. And we process it to get to the starch, and then we can take that fibrous layer, along with some of the germ, and create either what we call wheat midds, or mill run. And a nice term called red dog, which would be a residue of the flour industry. And so, when we take those cereal grains, we process them for human food and the residue becomes animal food. So we have byproducts of the food industry, if they come from processing. And as mentioned earlier, the milling industry makes flour and starch for human use and what's left is the gluten, the middlings, the bran, the germ that goes into animal feed. The ethanol industry makes alcohol and beer and then distillers and brewers grain are used as animal feed, along with some of the yeast residues. The rendering industry produces meat, but then blood, meat, bone, feather, and fish meals are also used for animal feed, or some residue of fats called tallow. And then the vegetable processing industry we have, nuts, fruits, bakery products, and candy products. And they go off also into the animal feed industry and we talk about sweetcorn silage. Which would be a residue of making canned corn, we have rejected vegetables, fruits, and nuts. We have outdated bakery products and candy, and chips that go in the animal feed. We have hulls, skins, peels, cores, beet pulp, citrus pulp, apple and tomato pumice that come out of the juicing industries. So all these become animal feeds that then get classified based on their nutrient content. If they have low crude fiber, less than 18%, if crude protein is less than 20%, they're classified as a concentrate. And this is so termed because they're considered a concentrated source of energy. And typically, grains are high in starch content. But we also have fats and oils. Oils come out of the vegetable industry, and they're a liquid at room temperature. Whereas fats are solids at room temperature, much like butter. We also have greases that come out of the cooking industry that go into animal feed. And then as mentioned earlier, we have milling by-products, molasses, bakery and candy products. And these are concentrates if they have crude fiber less than 18%, and crude protein less than 20%. So those are concentrates. When you hear somebody talk about concentrates, they're talking about a concentrated source of energy. Cereal grains, typically, are very similar in their crude protein content. Here, we see that corn, wheat, barley, oats, and rye around 10 to 13% crude protein and they're high in starches, with some variation. Corn is the highest in starch, which is why it's often used in animal feeds and why it's used for making ethanol, compared to wheat, barley, oats, and rye. And then we process the grain prior to feeding, because we have to disrupt the pericarp, or this outer fiber surface, to improve the starch digestion. And that is done by rolling it, by grinding it, by cooking it, by popping it, by flaking it, to improve the starch digestibility. Often times, cereals, grains are purchased based on bushel weights, and they reflect the seed development. For example, corn at 56 pounds a bushel would be a standard amount of corn weight for bushel basket. If the weight is low per bushel, that means we had poor seed development and that corn will have less starch and less nutrient value. Concentrates for high energy feedstuffs, the purpose is to increase the energy intake by increasing the energy density of a ration. And so when we talk about energy density, we're talking about millicals per kilogram, or calories per pound, or calories per gram of dry matter. And these are done by using different concentrated energy sources, like grains, fats, oils, molasses, and byproducts. Liquid feed supplements, things like molasses, are a byproduct of the sugar industry. And when we make 100 kg of refined sugar, we get about 25 to 50 kg of molasses. It has high energy, it's high in sugars, it's very palatable, and also, in feeds, it can reduce dust, and so it can help with palatability. Oils come out of the oil industry from high fat seeds, things like soybeans, sunflower, canola or rapeseed, corn and linseed. And those oils can be used as animal feeds. And then grease comes out of the restaurant industry when we're done making our french fries, when that oil is used, you can either put it in your car, if it's a diesel, or it becomes an animal feed. Protein supplements again, have a low fiber content less than 18%, but the crude protein is over 20%. And quite often these are by products of the oil industry, like soybean meal, canola meal. They're by products of the milling industry, like corn gluten meal. And they're are by-products of the distilling industry, like distiller's dried grains, or brewers grains. And there are by-products of the rendering industry, like blood meal, feather meal, fish meal, and meat and bone meal. We also have specific amino acid supplements that can complement protein sources. Things like Methionine, Lysine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, or the more common amino acids supplements and they can improve protein quality. And so we can utilize poor quality proteins and complement that with these amino acids. Also, we can lower crude protein in total ration, to do a better job on reducing nitrogen losses to the environment by using specific amino acids. We have mineral and vitamin supplements. Mineral supplements we can break into macro and micro minerals. Macro minerals are things like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium and chloride, or sodium chloride in salt. And usually they're provided, like limestone which is calcium carbonate, or dicalcium phosphate, or magnesium, and magnesium sulfate, or magnesium oxide. And different either oxides, sulfates, or carbonates to provide macrominerals. Trace minerals, usually zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, selenium, iron and iodine, are added at parts per million in the diet to ensure that we have adequate co-factors for enzyme production. And adequate factors to resist oxidative degradation. And last we have vitamin supplements, B vitamins and fat soluble vitamins. And the need for them in different livestock species depends upon their digestive tract. For example, ruminants do not require B vitamins, but they do require fat soluble vitamins. And so, the NRC would put together feeding standards, and make recommendations on their inclusion and various diets.
