In the first week we learned about how the Asian crisis in the late 90s and the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 shaped our global regulatory environment. We learned what went wrong in these crises and how much of our existing regulation emerged as a reaction to them. This week we want to take a further step towards understanding financial regulation with a special focus on how banks are regulated. The best way to understand banking regulation is to look at what went wrong so that banks had to be regulated in the first place. They haven't always been regulated, at least not as heavily as they are regulated today. Much of our modern banking regulation has, by now, been motivated by economic research from first principles and based on fundamental economic considerations. But a lot of the economic research justifying a certain regulation was developed only after the regulation was already in place. So, this week we will talk about the banking crisis that caused the Great Depression, and we will discuss the important role trust place as the glue that keeps the financial system together. You will learn what happens when trust suddenly evaporates and how this triggers so-called bank runs. We will even dip our toes into the waters of game theory and talk about incentives and how one's actions can affect the incentives of others to take certain actions. This might sound a bit abstract right now, but when we talk about bank runs, you will understand exactly how the game theory quite literally comes into play. Once we discussed bank runs and financial regulation following the Great Depression, we will look at the institutions that make up our global financial system. You will learn who the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are, and why we have them. Understanding why we have these institutions will help you understand how modern monetary policy works. This is an important ingredient to understand what cryptocurrencies are. So in many regards, this week and last week are laying the foundations for a lot of what we do in this course. To end the first part of what we want to do this week, you will learn why so-called shadow banks emerged in the 1970s. This is relevant not only because asset managers, hedge funds, money market funds and other shadow banks are important players in the modern financial system, but also because it can serve as a blueprint for the reason emergence of FinTech startups. The second part of this week will then return to the regulation of what are arguably the most important financial institutions, banks. But before we dive deep into banking regulation, you will learn that there are two kinds of financial systems; the bank based financial system that is prevalent in continental Europe, and the market-based financial system that dominates the United States. While the bank based system is centered around, well, banks, the market-based system allows companies to directly interact with capital markets, for example, by issuing their own bonds or stocks. Finally, we will turn to the regulation of banks. You will learn in detail about capital regulation and why it is so important to ensure that banks are robust and resilient. At the end of this week, you will have learned about capital regulation and the banking regulation framework called Basel II. It was in place before the global financial crisis. You will also have learned about liquidity regulation, which takes the lessons from the global financial crisis and introduces additional measures that prevent contagion, which we discussed before from spreading. Basel III is the current regulatory framework for banks and equipped with the knowledge of how exactly it looks like, we are ready to take on the disruption that is coming from FinTech companies. Next week, we will look at FinTech regulation around the world with a special emphasis on regulation in emerging markets from China to South Africa. We will learn about the latest wave of financial innovation and new financial instruments called initial coin offerings. But since now you know everything there is to know about how financial regulation was designed over the past 100 years, you're perfectly equipped to understand how FinTech regulation will look like over the next decade or two.