Welcome back. Now we will do an introduction to basic anatomy. What we would do is we'll go through some of the commonly used anatomy terminologies and talk a little bit about how we describe different motions, etc. Regarding the terminology, we have different regions, the main ones would be: the head and neck region, the trunk including the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, upper extremity which includes the shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand, and fingers, and the lower extremity which would be including the hips all the way down to the thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot and toe regions. These are our main anatomical regions. This is a very, very important concept. This is our so-called anatomical position. It is the reference position we use whenever we try to describe something is more superior, inferior, medial or lateral. This anatomical position is used standing upright or the subject standing upright, arms by the sides, palms facing forward with your thumbs pointing away from your body and your toes pointing forward. Always remember this is the so-called reference position that we always use when we describe the relationship between different structures. Body positioning. When we talk about it being supine, it's basically lying flat with your face up; when you're lying prone, you are down on your tummy and with your face down; when we talk about the right lateral, you're lying on the right side of your body; when we talk about left lateral, you're lying on the left side of your body. Sometimes we would talk about this, for example, when we examine the patient or when we actually go into surgery where we position the patient in the different positions of the surgery. We need to have these anatomical planes that help intersect or split the body into different segments, so we can describe each thing using each plane and get the three-dimensional coordinates of what we're talking about. The sagittal plane or the mid-sagittal, the median plane are relatively similar. That's basically cutting your body from front to back and looking from the sides. You can see the figures on the right side, it's the green and the yellow one. The yellow one or mid-sagittal plane means that you're just cutting through the centre bit. In this sagittal plane you'll be describing if something is in front, anterior or posterior, superior or inferior… and so on, in above or below. This would be the sagittal plane. The frontal or coronal plane is at 90 degrees to that. You're basically cutting from the front, all the way to the back. In this frontal or coronal plane, you can talk about the laterality of things. Is it more medial? Is it more lateral? Again, you can talk about superior and inferior. You have the transverse or the horizontal plane where you're cutting it, just like in the orange figure. In this transverse plane, you can talk about things being more medial, more lateral, more anterior and more posterior. You can see that in different planes, you can talk about the different positions. When you describe everything in all these three planes, you can get your three-dimensional description of whatever anatomical part you're talking about. I'm just going through it again. The mid-sagittal plane dissects your body down the midline and the sagittal plane divides your body into the left and right, but it may not be in the midline, so not that definitely halves. The frontal plane divides your body into the front and back or anterior and posterior aspects. The transverse plane divides the upper and lower halves. As you heard me describe in the previous few slides, there are so-called directional terms that we use to describe the positions and relationships between different structures. When we talk about superior, we mean more to the brain or more to the cranial aspect; while inferior is more to the bottom of the caudal aspect. Anterior would be in front, the more ventral aspect; while posterior at the back, more dorsal aspect. Medial and lateral, basically the closer to the midline than you are more medial, the further away is going to be more lateral. Very basic terms that we use in anatomy, but super, super important ones. When we talk about the limbs, it's somewhat similar, more proximal means closer to the trunk, closer to the midline. You can think of it as a more superior, cranial type of thing. More distal is away from the trunk. The palmar and dorsal would be similar to the plantar and dorsal; the palmar being in the hands, the palm aspect of your hand, and the dorsal being the back aspect of your hands. The plantar is the plantar surface where your feet touch the ground and the dorsal surfaces of the feet. We can talk about things being more superficial, so closer to the skin or deeper to the skin layers. Again, I'm going through it, the superior and inferior. One is higher than the other or lower than the other. In this example, the chest. The pectoralis muscles are obviously superior to the pelvis, but they are inferior to the skull. When we talk about anterior and posterior, this would mostly be in the sagittal plane, one is positioned in front of or behind the other thing. When we talk about the metatarsal bones, so let me try to get a pointer out. These are the metatarsal bones, so the metatarsals are posterior to the phalanges or phalanx which are the toes, and anterior to the tarsals which are basically here in the mid-hindfoot region. That’s anterior and posterior. When we talk about one being proximal or distal. So again, in this example, let me just get my pointer out again. The elbow joint right here is going to be proximal to the wrist joint, but distal to the shoulder joint. The elbow is proximal to the wrist and distal to the shoulder. We're using a super simple example. But when we talk about a more complex or smaller types of anatomical structures, this is exactly how you describe them anyways. When we talk about medial and natural, let's say your middle finger. This is your middle finger. Your middle finger is lateral to the little finger but medial to the thumb. Remember the reference position we were talking about? Again, all of this are in relation to the initial reference position. Always use the reference position when we talk about these. Again. Palmar being at the palm of your hand, dorsum being at the back of your hand, That's pretty much self-explanatory. In the feet, it's plantar instead of palmar and dorsal is going to be the same. Going back to the reference position, the positioning is a little bit different. Your feet are basically you are positioned standing with your toes pointed in front. But how you use the terms are going to be the same. When we talk about superficial or deep, the skin is obviously superficial. The bone in this case, the tibia is going to be a lot deeper than the skin in your calves. When we talk about motion, we talk about motion in terms of one of the anatomical planes. We'll be showing you a bunch of videos about flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. The rotation which can be external or internal, pronation is also rotation. But we see that most or we use that a lot in the forearm actually. We'll show you some videos about that. Inversion and eversion, again, we use this mostly in the foot and ankle region and then circumduction, which is a complex motion. Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion, these would be mostly used in the foot in the ankle, or maybe in your toe joints. Protrusion, retrusion, protraction, and retraction, again, will be showing some of these videos later and you get a better understanding after looking at the videos. Trunk, again can have rotation, your spine or your vertebra can actually rotate. It can also have side flexion. You can have side flexion and of course, forward flexion and extension also. Deviation, in this case, we're using the forearm as an example. You can have it being deviated toward your ulnar side, so towards your little finger side or radio type of deviation where the deviation is towards your thumb. Here, we have an example of flexion and extension. This should be quite straightforward. Flexion and extension of the elbow. This is an extension of the elbow, and this is flexion of the elbow. Then here we have abduction of the shoulder, abduction is leaving, so you're being abducted out. Let me just replay this. Abduction and then adduction, adding back. Adduction coming back to your trunk. So abduction and adduction of the shoulder. And then rotation, we have internal rotation right here. Let's show that again. This is at your shoulder joint, you can see it's actually your glenohumeral joint. Your humerus, look at the humerus. it's actually rotating internally. Then this would be external rotation, still, at the humerus, you can look at your glenohumeral joint, this would be external rotation. Pronation - supination. Pronation, again, I'm going back to the reference position to start off with. You rotate your forearm, that becomes pronation first and then you can supinate back and your palm starts facing upwards again. When you pronate, your palm comes down and faces inferiorly or caudally; when you supinate, your palm faces upwards more superiorly. This is pronation – supination. And then you have inversion and eversion of the foot and ankle region. Eversion basically going out towards the little toe region, everting out. You can try that at home if you can actually move your ankles and feet right now. You know, try to do eversion. And then try to do an inversion. You know, to put it into context or a clinical scenario, inversion type of ankle sprains is probably the most common mechanism of getting that sprain, inverting your ankle. Circumduction. You can see this is the motion in the hip. This is a complex type of motion. There's a little bit of flexion involved. There's a little bit of ab- and ad-duction involved, etc. Here is the circumduction of the hip or the hip joint. And then we talk about the ankle. We see here it is flexion in the dorsal region. Dorsiflexion, is what happens over the left side and on the right side you have plantarflexion, flexion in the plantar position or direction. One is dorsiflexion, which is your ankles going up; plantarflexion, your ankles going down. Protrusion and retrusion. This is mostly at the mandible, you can see from protruding out, have a protruding type of chin that comes out and then retrusion is what comes back in. It may not be so important or so commonly used in musculoskeletal conditions. Protraction and retraction may be a little bit more used. This is in the shoulder region. When you protract your shoulder, take a look at the scapula. Let's try that again. Looking at the scapula this is your protraction. When you are protracting your scapula forward and retracting backwards, that is your retraction. Looking at this, I'm just to orientate you a little bit. We're looking at the back of this patient or this skeleton, we're looking at the right shoulder, the back of this right shoulder in this skeleton. That's what happens in protraction and then you have retraction. Again, this would be depression – elevation. You can see it's a little bit similar to … going inferior and going superior. It's just that really that type of motion. The depression coming down and then elevation going up. In your trunk, you can have rotation. You can see the pelvis is not moving, but your trunk is rotating and, in this patient we are rotating onto the right side. Aside from rotation, we can have lateral flexion, so lateral flexion to the right. We can have the same thing on the left side also. We also have the so-called forward flexion and extension. Bending forward will be forward flexion and then arching back would be the extension of your spine or your trunk. I guess these are a little bit more straightforward. Deviation, we talked about ulnar deviation. Deviating towards the little finger and then the radial deviation where we're deviating towards the thumb. Always remember this would be done again in the so-called reference position. Opposition is basically we have opposable thumbs. Your thumb can oppose with your little finger and thus you can grasp things and use tools. These are very, very important anatomical terms that you need to know very well because you will be using quite a lot of this. For example, when you're describing different conditions, when you are examining different patients, or even if you are looking at some of the radiological reports, let's say there was some masses and then the report or your MRI report or your ultrasound, something like that. You know, when you have this report or when you're trying to describe this imaging, you know, this is the type of terminology that you would be expected to use during professional communications. Thank you again. This would be the end of the introduction to basi
