In this lecture, we're going to talk about the hardening or precipitation hardening, age hardening of alloys. Typically this is done with non ferrous alloys. Where did they come into play? The first aerospace aluminum alloy was, of course with the Wright brothers. Here, they had aluminum alloy for the crankcase, excuse me, and we had an fcc aluminum copper alloy. We have two hard phases that precipitated out, one being the Al_2 copper, and then the aluminum 7 copper 2 iron phase. Often your intermetallics are going be hard compounds, hence, it's going to be an impediment for dislocation motion i e strengthening mechanism. We have the two precipitates that occur that strengthen the alloy. Well, what's the key to precipitation hardening? Well, the most important feature is that you have a decrease in solid solubility with decrease in temperature. If we look at the two phase diagrams, here, we can see here's a region where I have decrease in solid solubility with decrease in temperature. Again here, decrease in solid solubility. In a similar manner, I look at the second phase diagram, a region of decrease in solid solubility, decrease in solid solubility, and here, decrease in solid solubility. These are areas or compositions where we could use age hardening. Now, the steps to age hardening. First, you have to do a solution anneal at the elevated temperature. That means a homogenizing anneal where basically you're going to take it to a single phase region and hold it for a long time such that it becomes uniform. Now we have a single phase and we're going to quench it or cool it very rapidly from this elevated temperature down to room temperature. By doing so, we do not allow enough time for diffusion to take place and we essentially freeze in the composition. Now, that gives us a super saturated solid solution. It's not in thermal equilibrium, so it's a highly energetic configuration. Now, if we take it back up, we're going to heat it back up. We going to age it here or we can take it as close to the single phase region, but we do not enter into the single phase region. You allow time for the secondary phase to nucleate and precipitate out. Again, you give a homogenizing anneal, then you quench it down to room temperature, then you take it back up or age it at elevated temperature. Since it's gotten tight, require nucleation and diffusion because diffusion will give you the grain growth. If I go to higher temperatures, it will occur more rapidly than say, a lower temperature. Looking at our phase diagram, we start off with homogenizing anneal in a single phase region, cool down close to room temperature, then we heat back up close to the single phase region, but we do not enter to the single phase region. We're going to heat back up, but we do not go into the single-phase region. We allow time for nucleation to occur, and then precipitates. Now we'll nucleate and then we'll grow because now I'm allowing diffusion to take place. Then once I get the desired particle size and spacing, I quench back down to lock in that micro-structure. If you stay too long at the elevated temperature, you will introduce over aging. That's where you get large precipitates. We will see later on that the strengthening is inversely proportional to the precipitate spacing. Let's take a moment for inquiry. If we want to utilize precipitation hardening, the first thing we have to do is have decrease solid solubility with decrease in temperature and we have to have it to occur over a limited range of composition. Typically, if I look at the phase diagram, again, I have to enter into a single phase region and then come back down to a two phase region. That's going to limit the composition. Let's take a moment for inquiry. During precipitation hardening process, a super saturated solution is needed and we have a limited time for maximize strength. If we go too long, you will actually introduce over aging and you'll actually weaken the material. I hope with this lecture, we have a better understanding of the necessary components for precipitation or age hardening. We have to have reduced solid solubility, and we want to have it over a finite composition. Thank you.