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Function Design Recipe

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Learn to Program: The Fundamentals

University of Toronto

4.7 (2,745 ratings) | 130K Students Enrolled

Lehrplan anzeigen

Behind every mouse click and touch-screen tap, there is a computer program that makes things happen. This course introduces the fundamental building blocks of programming and teaches you how to write fun and useful programs using the Python language.

Skills You'll Learn

Python Syntax And Semantics, Computer Programming, Python Programming, Idle (Python)

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4.7 (2,745 ratings)

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AK

Mar 03, 2018

I enjoyed this course. The video lectures were short and explained bite sized chunks that were easy to understand. The reading material after each lecture helped in revisiting what we just learned.

FG

Feb 21, 2019

The best introduction to Python I've seen. It provides a really clear understanding of how it all fits together, whereas other tutorials seemed to dive in without clarifying the 'how' or the 'why'.

Aus der Unterrichtseinheit

Strings and Designing Functions

This module introduces strings (a Python data type used to represent text), and a process to follow when creating a function.

Function Design Recipe5:52

Function Reuse6:40

Visualizing Function Calls5:34

Unterrichtet von

Jennifer Campbell
Associate Professor, Teaching Stream
Paul Gries
Associate Professor, Teaching Stream

In this lecture, we're going to show you a series of steps called the Design Recipe

that you can use to write your own functions.

Here is our triangular function.

We've added one part to the doc strip examples of use.

And expected vector in values.

This function definition has five parts.

It has the header, which includes the function name and the parameters.

It has the type contract, the types or

values that are expected to be past to the parameters.

As well as the returned type of the function.

It has the description.

It has a couple of examples of use of this function.

And last, it has the body of the function.

Our design recipe helps you develop those five parts.

Plus one more where we test that our function works, once we've written it.

We'll explain the design recipe as we develop another function.

Here is the problem we'll work on.

The United States measures temperature in Fahrenheit and

Canada measures it in Celsius.

When traveling between the two countries it helps to have a conversion function.

We'll write a function that converts from Fahrenheit to Celsius.

The first step we will do is to come up with some examples of

using your function that you're about to write.

Think about what you want your function to do and type one or

two examples of calls on the function you want to write.

You'll need to think of a name for your function.

You can always change it later.

Function names are often verbs or verb phrases because they do things.

So, if you're stuck enter the question, what does the function do?

Our answer here is convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius.

But that's pretty long, so I'll use convert to Celsius.

You can always improve the name later.

What do we want to happen when we call convert to Celsius on 32 degrees

Fahrenheit?

We hope to get back zero.

We're going to add the angle brackets, so

that it looks like it was typed in the Python Shell.

Let's add one more example to convert at the boiling point.

The next step is to figure out the type contract.

What types are the parameters and what type is the value that gets returned.

It looks like we want to convert to Celsius to work with integers.

But we can imagine that it should work with floats as well.

We're going to use the word number, to indicate that it can handle either,

and presumably, it will return a number as well.

Now that you've written some calls and you have guesses to what the type should be.

It's time to write the header of the function.

Pick a meaningful parameter name so

that other programmers and you have an easier time understanding your function.

You can also modify your function name here if you like.

Let's fill in what we know for the header.

We know that the function name is convert_to Celsius.

And we know that our parameter is the number of degrees Fahrenheit,

so that is Fahrenheit as our parameter name.

Everything below is supposed to be in a dock string so

let's take care of that now.

[SOUND] By now you should have a very good idea of what you want your function to do.

It's time to write a description.

Does our function do,

return the number of Celsius degrees equivalent to Fahrenheit degrees.

Note that we've mentioned the perimeter explicitly and

we've also described the return value.

This is very important in all documentation.

Now that you have a strong idea of what your function should do.

And you've decided on the function and parameter names.

You can write the code for the function.

This will be much easier to do if you spent time thinking about the examples,

contract, header, and the description.

As we learned in school, we subtract 32 from Fahrenheit.

And then we multiply by five-ninths.

We haven't saved this yet, and we really should.

We're going to call this one,

[SOUND] temperature.pi.

It's time to test our function on the examples.

Since you've already figured out what the return value should be.

You can tell right away if your code, or perhaps the examples, are incorrect.

We move on this module.

Set up the Windows so we can see both of them at once.

And then we can just copy and paste our examples.

And we see that we are expecting 0 but, that we got back 14.2 repeating.

What about the other one?

No, that's not right either.

You may have already seen the problem.

Subtraction has lower precedence than either multiplication or division.

And so the subtraction is happening last after we're calculating,

32 times 5 divided by 9.

We fix this by adding parenthesis,

saving, rerunning.

And then trying our examples again

We almost have what we expected on our examples.

Except we're getting back a float instead of an int.

This is because division always produces a float.

And various operators produce a float if either operand isn't of float.

The problem is not with our calculation, it's in our examples and in our contract.

A number is too general of a return type.

We'll fix both.

[SOUND] Let's

run our module one more time, call help on our function and revel in our clarity.

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