Hello everybody and welcome back. At the very end of the 7th century BC archaeology, let us know that some great changes were occurring from a technical point of view. For example, roof tiles are created for the first time, like these ones and buildings are beginning to be covered with these slabs in terracotta painted with figures on that. This was a way of telling stories in the landscape. On the craftsmanship side, we see new products circulating on the markets like this black glazed pottery here, which is called Bucchero and was invented in a Trulia and then exported to Rome and then produced at last in Rome. More than this, the techniques of the buildings are changing, you see from this slide how we move from walls made of rock shafts or chards and tough and we go towards walls made of square blocks, more and more regular. For these reasons ancient historians thought that Rome was born at the end of the 7th century because they imagined coincidence between this huge change in techniques and the story of the city. At a closer look this is not acceptable, this is very questionable as an idea because the 7th century BC is more the phase of continuity and only the 6th century will be a real time of discontinuity, as we shall see in a while. First of all, the city of Rome enlarges just in the 6th century BC as you can see from this slide. We start from an area of about 250 hectares and we spend to an area much larger with a new wall enclosing all the hills of Rome, as you can see here. The Blessed part of this area, the part enclosed in the Palmer IAM, which we had seen was limited just to the Palatine Hill, is now enlarged to this area here. Nearly the whole area within the walls is blessed now but the Aventine Hill, for the first time Rome is surrounded by a new wall, this is one stretch of the wall which was built on top of the cliff of this hill here on the Quirinal and on the opposite side here, we have a wall retaining a huge fill here, the arguer and with the large fossa, a ditch outside. This is how the world looked like and we have gates of this wall like this one with towers on each side. More than this huge public works are carried out in the city in this phase. First of all, huge drains are draining water from the lower valley, like this one in the forum, and this one in the valley in between the Aventine Hill and the Palatine Hill with the Circus Maximus is about to be built. Large public works and enlargement of the city and a new layout of the landscape, for example, the Roman Forum has a new paving. The interesting thing is that the places devoted to politics are not immediately changing in this case. Like here, the Comitium Plaza and for the first time, the flood plain outside the wall and in between the river bank is used. Here where the country properties of the king and near the rural residents of these kings, a new part of the political system is created in this area. There's a large square or Villa in Latin, which literally means the sheep pen here. If we compare this area with the area at the limit of the Roman Forum, we can understand the relation between the old political system and the new political system. At the edge here of the Roman Forum, we have a small plaza for the gathering of the people and here we have a large plaza or Villa in blue for the gathering of the people. But in this case, there are people in arms to the army collecting in this place, they can't enter the limit of the sacred area. They cannot trespass the samarium and together with the assembly place, we have a sanctuary in the forum devoted to this fire god, which is well replicated here. Also, the political system is changing, it's changing during the 6th century BC but the landscape is not changing this time but a new part of the city outside the wall is created. As a matter of fact, the political Core undergoes some minor changes, we will see in a while and new houses built and during the 6th century, once again transformed. This is the time when Rome is decorated with wonderful temples. First of all, the largest temple in Italy, which is the temple devoted to Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the top of the Capitoline Hill. It was an incredible building, it was the third largest temple in the Mediterranean at that time. With this closed pediment here, this strange roof, all decorated with statues on top and on the side of the roof. Around the hill, also minor temples were erected, much smaller than the one on top but nonetheless decorated with this rich and painted Terracotta, like the slabs or this sculpture or this part of a column. This is how we can imagine this landscape much more substantial architecture, new political system, but with an already existing city. We shall see in the next lesson how the Palatine is changing in this period, that we will see is well. It's impossible to assess that these changes are testifying to the birth of a city which as we have seen is already existing. Thank you very much.