[MUSIC] [SOUND] Welcome to this module on Consortia. First, let us see where we are in the Goals. This module will deal with a whole bunch of different types of consortia that also play a role in standardization. But they are from character and from institutions very, very different. First of all, we need to realize that during the 1980s when liberalization and privatization came about, industry was mad almost with the normal of standardization organizations. Because they were too slow and reacted to what's the technological development. So industry started their own clubs to work together, their own organizations to start making their own standards. This technological development which then started nowadays leads to this growing together of all areas of technological development. So there is no longer a real demarcation available to define what area you are working in, in standards. It's telecommunications, it's electro-technical and it's general, but it's all over the place. And I can show you that with an example where many standards and also many standard bodies are involved. First of all, is the ITU that makes standards on voice and video and the like. Then we have 3GPP, that makes to connection between the mobile network and your mobile handheld. Then there is IEEE, the engineering club, the American Engineering Club, that made standards on WiFi, which is also available. And then last but not lease, the IETF, a construction that makes the Internet work with TCP/IP for instance and they standardized that. All these standards are necessary to help you use the smartphone. And the smartphone embodies in itself all these different origins of the standards came out of all these different organizations. This is a list of a whole bunch of consortia examples. There's like IEEE need to be considered consortia example but the WiFi aligns for instance and bluetooth. Those are technologies that came into being notably through industry involving the organizations to go and sit together and make their own standards. This slide shows that three of the consortia I will talk about, in this module. This one is IEEE. The other one is IETF, which is the Internet form. And the third one is the manufacturers. The one that's missing on this slide is the 3GPP, because they are like an institutional role, institutions, so to speak. The three examples or the four examples I am going to used to 3GPP, IEEE, IETF, Ecma. The 3GPP is like institution of the institutions is partnership where the involved standardization organizations of regional, as well as national and global are working together to standardize the smartphone. Then there's IEEE, which is an institution but of members of engineering. People that are together forming this huge association, I will tell you a bit more in one of the next lectures. Then there is IETF that doesn't have any membership, it is anybody that would like to participate, is welcome to come to the meetings and participate and email groups and things like that. So that's a very open organization. And then there is somewhat more close to organizations like Ecma that started off as a European manufacturers' association in the 1960s early already. And they played a big role in the standardization of manufacturing, in ICTs and etc. Then back to the goals again. I hope to be able in this module to tell you a bit more about how consortia play a role in standardization. Albeit they are not the formal standardization organizations, they play a big role in helping formal standards to come to life. Thank you for watching this lecture. And the next one will be on 3GPP. [MUSIC]