We have been talking about constitutional structure and constitutional reform. But we will tickle down back to our government structure. We are entering into the arena of what we call an administrative law or regulatory state. We see the world is changing and would the face of the government change also? Yes, you see, on one hand, Taiwan has evolved from authoritarian state to a full democracy. So local government become more and more active. Citizen group become very engaged. Business is booming and also there is a train of globalization. That is, we have the flow of information, flow of capital and flow of commodities in an extraordinary faster way. How are we going to deal with that change? Of course, we have several ways of change in line. Number 1, is organizational change. That is, we change the organization of the government. We set up agency to deal with the particular issue. We combine agency into one so that we can have a combined function for that. We may also change the nature of the agency. We change our agency into an independent regulatory commission to secure its independence and expertise based operation. We have got a way to change the body and the face of the government. The other way to do that is to change the process of government operation. Relying on the new technology, particularly we are living in a digital world. Our government process maybe improved to better serve the needs of the people. Organizational reform and procedure change could be related. Over the last one or two decades, Taiwan has been doing government reform, focusing on the organization of the government. Taiwan used to have a very big government. That was because the government structure was moved from China to Taiwan. We have lots of ministries of department even including a special agency to deal with Mongolia and the Tibet. 蒙藏委員會 So we need to reorganize the government structure in order to best serve the community in globalized and digitalized world. How are we going to do that? Number 1 is to see whether they are institutions or agency or government function. Now we don't need the government to do it anymore. We may dedicate those to the society or the business do the job for us. If there are national enterprise, maybe the market on a private sector is in a better position to do that and is privatization is of course one of the ways to shrink the government to be effective in a way. There is also the other way to do that. That is while keeping the job as a government function. But dedicate those to the local government or transform those service to the local government. Maybe there is a museum and run by the central government and is in a locality, and this could be good for local tourism. If the central government believe that local government could do that job even better, the central government could certainly relocate that service or that museum or any facility to the local government so what we call localization. In one way, we can also outsource the government function to private sectors. The government need not to deal with anything by the government. The government could simply provide opportunity for the private sector to do that job for the government, providing more opportunity for private sectors to do. There's also one way to change the government into what we call non-executive public body. We used to set up agencies, and it's going to be governed by public budget, and the personnel policies has to follow the law. But we are facing a competitive age. The government service may also need to have some performance marries based accounting. You may opt some of the institution or some of the government functions to go not completely private, but introduce some level of market into that. In that regard we call that non executive public body. We call it 行政法人. So that's a way to do government reform. Let's begin with the core government organization, that is ministries and commissions, or councils. Our ministries are all directly linked to basic functions, starting from the Interior to Foreign affairs and Defense, Finance, Education, Justice, Economics, Transportation. These are eight traditions and ministries of the function. Gradually we aid of five ministries: Labor, Agriculture, Health, Environment and Culture, so you have traditional eight and new five. These are certain ministries, they unite up to have a 360 degree of service to the general public. Some of the function actually is the combined function. Let's see, for example, Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health actually is the combination of health and public welfare. Public welfare sector used to be part of the ministry of the Interior, and then we combine those into this new ministry. There's a Ministry of Health, including health and the public welfare. Because health and public welfare are interrelated, so together they may function to an extent they can better serve the general public. Also, we need some inter-ministerial coordination councils like National Development Council. 國發會 Actually, it's a council that sort of setup plans and also doing inter-ministerial coordination for the Premiere. This kind of council is also very important in contemporary time when we are dealing with issues that are not only limited to one ministry or the other. Let's say for example, if we are going to hunt the talents from the world, or we are going to develop talents, this kind of talents policy would require lots of agency, or lots of ministry to cooperate. In order to come up with a clear vision, we may need something above some ministries, and of course, with the executive Yuan, we have minister who is a portfolio. Normally they are assigned an inter-ministerial mission to coordinate among ministries. But for those council integrating and coordinating councils they may come up with proposal in advance, setting up prospect planning for the future, and also review the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness for the government projects submitted by various ministries. These are all very important tool and help to the leadership of the premiere. Aside from that, now we develop something which is very unique, maybe not unique in the world, but these are new institutions developing so far. We are going to say two kinds of institution. Number one is what I just mentioned, non-executive public body, [inaudible]. Now we have several [inaudible] at hand. The first one is, actually, it's our National Music Center, and also our National Opera center. We used to call them Chiang Kai-shek center. It was a agency made for legal basis. While we are doing government reform, we introduce the new kind of government structure that this become the first non-executive public body in Taiwan. The function of that is you need to have a plan. When you have a plan, we're going to take care of your performance. Your cooperate plan got to be reviewed, and you have some freedom and some discretion in terms of personnel policy, in terms of public procurement, in terms of budget allocation. You may have more flexible in terms of allocating the resources for your plan. That means you are closer to the market, not completely controlled by the government system, particularly the personnel regulation and also budgetary regulation. You enjoy more freedom in doing that, but you still perform public function. You still are part of the public function. This is what we call non-executive public body. Now for example, the National Performing Arts Center is one the typical non-executive public body. Also National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction is also the other example. Together they perform public function, but with different logics of operation. They have more discretion in terms of budgetary and also personnel appointment. This is something new to Taiwan. Of course we have the other function which is also very different and it was established in the heyday of democratization. Actually, there was debate in the first order regime change. First regime change, the new government launched a comprehensive government reform. In that reform, they had to respond to what we call globalization. At that time, there is one change technologically, there's what we call digital revolution or digital convergence. Before that is still convergence. We have different government function overseen, say telecommunication and also radio, television. We also have different law, different government agencies dealing with this issue. This is inefficient because we are going to have a digital convergence. All the devices, all the functions are going to be converged into one smartphone. How are we going to deal with that institutionally? We need to combine all public function into one agency. That’s the background for establishment of National Communication Commission, NCC. Our NCC was established to respond to digital convergence. Nowadays, we are so used to that, with a mobile phone, a smart phone, we were able to combine all functions and it become an integral part of our daily life. In terms of political participation, social participation, economic activities, and social media and things like that. We need something, some agency to support that development, while at the same time protect the consumers from business exploitation. Also protect this industry, and making it more competitive, not only in Taiwan, maybe also in the world. We establish something new, combine something in the Ministry of Transportation, combine something from at that time, the Common Man Information Office, [inaudible] combine them into NCC. But anytime there was an international trend that is not only setup a new agency, but turned that into Independent Regulatory Commission. What do we mean by Independent Regulatory Commission? That is, because this issue require expertise, and you shouldn't be changed by any political fluctuation. Some political leaders should not intervene in any decisions in allocating of the resources. For example, how are you going to license the television? How are you going to license 4G, or 5G? These kind of development. Here was to do was free speech was a democratic society. The OECD issue, and guidance about a turn of the new millennium, suggesting that when we are responding to digital convergence, we should set up an Independent Regulatory Commission in did we come up with the NCC, and this is our first, Taiwan's first Independent Regulatory Commission. This is very different from other ministries. But after this new institution was independent status, suffer tremendous from political intervention. With this Inception, while doing the organic law, political parties began to intervene, suggesting the commissioner of the Independent Commission, should be assigned according to the proportion of seats in a Congress. That as spell out some of the problems for the future. Of course, in the end, a constitutional court issue, interpretation number 613, declaring that arrangement, unconstitutional. Things you back to normal shouldn't be controlled by the proportional seat of the party in Congress. But NCC numbers that is suffered from that political intervention until now trying to gain credibility, and confidence from the general public. In some way, we recognize there are many ways to do Independent Regulatory Commission in different contexts. There are three models. The typical model is American model. We call it Control Model. That is to insulate the president from intervening into the decision of the independent regulatory commission, and the ICC, or FCC. Those are all independent commission in the United States. The function of the independent commission is to insulate the president from intervening into the function of the commission. But they are also the other kind model, that's European, Central, and Eastern European model. After the transition, they are keen to have a new institution because the older institution has lost their credibility. They choose to have a new one to build up trust. They chose Independent Regulatory Commission in order to perform the job for the new agency. I call that Trust Model. How about in Taiwan is not trust, is not the insulation or presidential intervention. But during the democratic transition, both major parties, they have something in mind. They are hoping that they will not lose again in the political arena by establishing something that will be turned in others favor. The middle ground will be met it independent. During that period of time, KMT, and DPP agree they should set up that independent commission knowing that in the future, no matter who is running the country, who is in power, will never be able to control this independent commission for good. We call it a Political Insurance Model. This is Independent Regulatory Commission. I'm going to bring about two concrete cases to demonstrate how important we do government reform. We do organizational change in order to serve the general public in a better way. The first case is about the helicopter in the air. When we have needs from a citizen for government to send something to help, we need helicopters. But our helicopters used to be run by many government agencies. The police has some helicopter, the Disaster Relief Agency have some helicopters, the Marine also needs some helicopters. The Ministry of Health, may some helicopters to send people from offshore island to the island for medication. Our Agriculture Agency also need helicopter to oversee the forest. Our Ministry of Interior also need helicopter to oversee the coastal line. Many government agency all need helicopters, should they have their own corp? Should they [inaudible] team of helicopters? It's actually die that way. That was the accident happen in Alishan when there was a crash of the train and Disaster Relief Agency sent a helicopter to rescue, resulting in a crash. It was a wrong helicopter because that helicopter is so heavy. They can't sustain in the air for good. The best helicopter at that time, should be sent from the police. This is a matter of coordination. In the end, rather than buying helicopter for each individual agencies, the government conbine or function and set up unified agency serving everyone's purpose. This is a combination of the problem and function into one agency. We call that National Airborne Service Corps in Ministry of Interior, Kangxi [inaudible] was their inception, helicopters are all gathered into one agency, so they can dispatch aircraft to heavy. According to the mission and also according to the function of different kinds of helicopters. This is a typical example of government reorganization. Since after, the government function in terms of relief, or in terms of transportation, in terms of all kind of functions, it becomes very functional. We don't need to buy many helicopters in order to do the job, we just need a government reorganization. This is a typical example. Other examples including the issue I just mentioned, that is the digital convergence, which I'll combine barriers, agency functions into one and also, immigration for example. Because immigration becomes such an important issue, so we also combine barriers function into Immigration Agency, [inaudible]. That is also the government respond to the technological change and also societal change, particularly also to globalization. Government need to be effective, small, but functional. It isn't a matter of shrinking, it is a matter of reorganize the government. But reorganization of the government is never be easy, you need to change the paradigm, how the government operates. We need to talk, and need to convey to the general pubic about the function, and also the expected result of this. It's a matter of dialogue or communication, particularly in a democratic society. The government's face is changing in responding to the change in society and also in the world. Particularly technological change, a spring about lots of issues and sending a strong signal for the government to change either organizationally and procedurally. This is an issue about government reform and the Independent Regulatory Commission. Thank you.
