[MUSIC] Welcome back. In our last sequence we saw how international humanitarian law and human rights law apply to the protection of health care delivery in armed conflict or other emergencies as applicable. Today we would like to answer the question, where can you actually find some of these rules deriving from IHL and International Human Rights Law. As with other branches of international law, generally you can find them in two major sources. Namely international treaties and customary international law. Now international treaties are a form of written agreements that are negotiated mostly between states in sometimes argues diplomatic processes. And what is important for a state to be bound by an international treaty is that it gives its explicit consent formally beforehand to be bound by such a treaty. Now if we look at concrete examples for international humanitarian law treaties and the international human rights laws treaties relevant to this issue. In terms of international humanitarian law, here what's the major treaties are on the 1949 Geneva Conventions, and for this specific topic at hand Geneva Conventions two, one and four are particularly relevant as well as the 1977 Additional Protocols. Then there is another Additional Protocol to 2005, Additional Protocol three, that contains specific rules on the use of one of the distinctive emblems namely the Red Crystal, to which we shall return in a subsequent sequence. If we turn to human rights law, here the major rights that govern this particular issue, the rights to life and the rights to health principally are contained among others in two major universal human rights law treaties. The so called 1966 International Convenant on civil and political rights and on economic social and cultural rights. Now if we turn to the second major source, customary international law The way that customary international law is formed is different from treaties. They are formed by a process whereby a virtually uniform state practice is engaged in, coupled with a belief that such a practice is binding on the matter of legally binding rules. Now, where can we find evidence of such instances of state practice? In actual battlefield behavior but also in what especially states say, for instance in national legislation, in national court decisions but also in international forums, where they're likely to pronounce legal statements. The added value of customary international law as opposed to international treaty law lies in the fact that customary international law is binding. Especially on states without their explicit consent. Meaning that they do not have to officially consent beforehand in order to be bound by a certain rule of customary international law. And this is important because you know for our content in the 1977 additional protocols for instance, there are very relevant legal rules. But these additional protocols have not been consented to by all states. So if we can say that certain rules contained therein are not binding as treaty rules but are binding as customary international law. Then this helps also to have a binding effect among those that are not specifically bound by certain treaties. And then, treaties may not regulate every instance or every matter. And this is particularly important for our topic at hand because there is a general dearth of treaty rules in non-international armed conflicts. But the ICRC has actually explored its own assessment of customary international humanitarian law rules and has come to the conclusion that many of the rules contained on the wounded and sick and health care providers, in the additional protocols are applicable no matter what type of conflict is at stake. Now very briefly in terms of Human Rights Law, there is not. There is a collection similar to the one that the ICRC has impacted on Ichel. But it can be said that for instance, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was at the outset a non-legally binding document has become a customary international law through consistent and practice and legal opinion. So if you want to have a search through some of these sources I've referred to, you're very happy to look into some of the supplementary materials that accompany this particular sequence. With that I would like to thank you very much for your attention and I hope you will stay tuned for the next lesson which we'll delve into a concrete legal and operational scenarios in the implementation of these international. [MUSIC]