We've talked about the fact that America was really the dominant nation after the Second World War, was extremely wealthy, it was expanding rapidly. It was the strong country in the world. This continued into the 1960s. Even though Germany, and Japan, and England, and France had rebuilt their economies and were beginning to become competitors, the US was still the dramatic leader. But, in the early 1970s, a major shift happened in America, that was the result of the oil crisis. The oil producing nations around the world, that were selling oil to the industrial countries came together in a cartel, and said we're not getting enough for our oil, the money is being held in the industrialized nations, and it's not coming to the oil producing nations, in the Middle East, and South America, and in East Asia. So, I remember as a young man sitting in the gas lines because of the shortage of gasoline, because of the fights about this. America is now no longer the only economy. America stops growing in the 1970s because of the oil crisis and the nation is in some kind of turmoil about where it is. We are seeing a changing economy. We're globalizing the economy, we're mechanizing the economy. Factory jobs are disappearing because they're being mechanized. Factory jobs are disappearing because they're being globalized and moving elsewhere. That meant that there was a shortage of lower skilled labor. So, people in the 1950s and '60s who could work in a factory and have a very good income lost that in the 1970s and into the 1980s. We had many, many people who didn't have high school diplomas and we consider lower-skilled workers, finding it very difficult to find work and support their families, a shift to higher skilled workers. One of the symptoms of all of this was that in the 1970s, New York City went bankrupt. It didn't have the money anymore to support its social programs, its public housing, its income supports for the poor, its public schools. The federal government under President Ford said, "You are responsible for that. There will be no more federal money to support this part of the welfare state." So, we've seen that the industrialization of the United States, mechanizing its factories, the globalization, development of jobs that require more abstract thinking, require more university education. We develop substantial number of university slots, and it becomes normal that kids should graduate from high school, and go to university rather than finding a job in a factory. Result here was the creation of high unemployment amongst low-skilled workers and workers that had not had traditional advantage, is particularly impacted communities of color. So, neighborhoods in American cities of people of color than in the '50s and '60s, although they may have faced some segregation, were economically quite secure. By the late '70s and into the '80s, where there was abandonment, there were many people who couldn't find work, there was a withdrawal from the labor market. We began a system of mass incarceration, to take people that would be swept and weren't fully participating, and to imprison people, and we built this huge prison system of less skilled workers that were not being given work opportunities in the modern economy. Mass incarceration always has a racial implication, and so it becomes one of the significant changes that happens in this period after the Civil Rights Movement, after the building of the welfare state, that changes America, and causes a great deal of suffering and inequality.